The team used a multi-pass system:

For fans who want the of DS9 S01 without an official remaster, the 2020 AI 4K upscale is indeed the top fan choice. It’s not perfect, but it’s superior to DVD upscaling from a TV or player. If you’re a purist, keep the original grain; if you want clarity, this is it.

To explore more about the technology behind upscaling, read the TechCrunch analysis on AI-upscaled Star Trek .

to transform the show's standard-definition DVD sources into high-definition formats. Project Defiant

The bumpy ridge makeup of the Cardassians and Klingons gains incredible texture.You can see the fabric weave in Starfleet uniforms and the intricate metallic details of the Promenade. Space Battles

Unlike traditional upscaling, which simply stretches pixels and blurs the edges to fill a 4K screen, AI upscaling utilizes neural networks. These networks are trained on millions of high-resolution images. The AI looks at the low-resolution DS9 DVD footage, recognizes what a human face, a Cardassian uniform, or a starship hull should look like, and intelligently injects realistic new pixels to synthesize 4K detail. Top Breakdown: Transforming DS9 Season 1

O’Brien gasped.

Topaz Video AI (v3.x or later) + HandBrake.