Flight control systems for aircraft and missiles, which must handle varying speeds, air density, and aerodynamic nonlinearities.
[ \dotx_1 = x_2 + \phi_1(x_1), \quad \dotx_2 = u + \phi_2(x_1, x_2) ] Backstepping treats (x_2) as a virtual control for the (x_1)-subsystem, then designs (u) to ensure the error dynamics are robust. Flight control systems for aircraft and missiles, which
be the Lyapunov function for the nominal closed-loop system. The total control law is structured as which must handle varying speeds
: The authors identify two major sources of excessive control action and demonstrate how these can be minimized without sacrificing robustness. Low-Order Systems \quad \dotx_2 = u + \phi_2(x_1